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Previous studies have found that BPC-157 did not exert a direct effect in terms of accelerating the cell proliferation of cultured tendon fibroblasts,42 but our results suggested that BPC-157 modulates the cell viability and affects HUVEC cell cycle exit in G0/G1 phase

Oxidized arachidonic and adrenic pes navigate cells to ferroptosis

STX17 and SNAP29 are autophagosomal membrane proteins that can be degraded by the 20s proteasome in a nonubiquitinated manner

BPC-157 upregulates VEGFR2 expression and promotes receptor internalization, triggering downstream phosphorylation of Akt at specific sites (Ser473 and Thr308)

The multi-target characteristics result in unclear onset of action metabolites and dose-response relationships, while the lack of standardized preparation processes leads to inconsistent drug quality and irreproducible efficacy (Hu et al., 2019)