Finally, an increasing number of biopsies are done at the time of endoscopic ultrasonography
Conclusion Whilst severe B12 deficiency has a clear clinical picture with characteristic haematological and/or neurological features, establishing mild or borderline deficiency can be problematic as serum levels are maintained at the expense of tissue concentrations, and therefore serum levels of B12 may be in the low normal or borderline range despite a deficiency
Action: No specific treatment is usually required for high B12 levels
Preclinical and clinical evidence of NAD+ precursors in health, disease, and ageing
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