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So, if they get lung cancer, it's impossible to sort out what substance caused it

However, it is important to note that the nicotine content reported on product labels and what is chemically measured can vary widely." This means that users may be unaware of what they are truly vaping and thus are at risk of unwittingly becoming nicotine addicts. They conclude: While association is not causation, this study is the first to describe the negative effects of [secondhand nicotine vape] exposure on respiratory symptoms." More work needs to be done to prove that this exposure directly causes harm

Gut microbiota in health and disease

NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde decided to allow restricted use of the devices after new evidence that they helped tackle tobacco smoking

Contributor to The Irish Times, writing about health, science and innovation