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Side effects are rare but may include mild redness, swelling, or soreness at the injection site

however, senescent cells infamously secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix-degrading proteins that negatively impact the extracellular environment and induce spread of senescence to non-senescent cells (29-32)

This broad regulatory activity includes upregulation of tissue repair genes, collagen synthesis pathways, antioxidant defense systems, and anti-inflammatory signaling networks, alongside simultaneous downregulation of genes associated with tissue destruction, inflammation, and fibrosis

A review of the clinical and basic science evidence supporting prolotherapy for ligament and tendon injuries

Targeting endothelin receptors in a murine model of myocardial infarction using a small molecular fluorescent probe