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doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1628142 Received 13 May 2025 Revised 01 December 2025 Accepted 15 December 2025 Published 14 January 2026 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Gaurisankar Sa, Bose Institute, India Reviewed by Dia Roy, Cleveland Clinic, United States Cadiele Oliana Reichert, University of So Paulo, Brazil Subhadip Pati, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States Updates Copyright 2026 Qian, Zhang, Bai, Li, Rao, Huang, Liu and Wei