The mechanisms most relevant to knee pain: VEGF upregulation stimulates new blood vessel formation in cartilage and connective tissue, areas that are notoriously slow to heal due to limited blood supply Nitric oxide modulation regulates inflammation and promotes vasodilation, improving blood flow to damaged tissue Collagen synthesis accelerates organized collagen deposition at repair sites instead of disorganized scar tissue Tendon-to-bone healing particularly relevant at the patella tendon and other knee attachment points Animal studies across rat, rabbit, and canine models showed consistent findings across these pathways
Vitamin B12 is generally considered safe
Combining anti-proliferative therapy (such as rapamycin) and proapoptotic agents (statins) [24] shares that same limitation (i.e., effective only early, but not after delaying treatment)
244 Chlorogenic acid was also shown, in a mouse model, to decrease plasma levels of total and LDL cholesterol and promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages, a process that helps prevent the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque
GLP-3 (LY3437943) is an innovative investigational peptide developed by Eli Lilly that functions as a triple agonist of the GLP-1, GIP, and GCG receptorsalso referred to as a GGG triagonist
