While it is not clear that Metformin is the direct cause of vitamin B12 deficiency, you should know nonetheless that those taking Metformin do sometimes experience it
The term nootropic, coined by Romanian psychologist Corneliu Giurgea, originally described compounds that enhance learning and memory while being virtually non-toxic and lacking the pharmacological effects of typical psychotropic drugs
Science 363(6423):eaao4827 Righetto I, Gasparotto M, Casalino L, Vacca M, Filippini F (2023) Exogenous players in mitochondria-related CNS disorders: viral pathogens and unbalanced microbiota in the gut-brain axis
A recent study in mice shows that spermidine, a molecule found in many common foods, including legumes, nuts, and cheese, improves fertility and egg quality
Vitamin D and certain drugs can help slow cell growth but may irritate skin, and although topical corticosteroids can reduce inflammation and itching, these can cause skin to thin over time