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However, its antioxidant properties may help reduce oxidative damage to melanocytes, potentially slowing the process

While intramuscular (IM) injections are widely used and generally safe when performed properly, even a small error in technique, needle placement, or injection site selection can lead to significant medical complications

Research suggests it promotes healing through upregulation of growth factors including VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), modulation of nitric oxide synthesis, and anti-inflammatory effects on multiple pathways

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Ethics declarations Competing interests TVB, PV, and KA hold patents related to ferrostatin-1 analogs (US9862678, WO2016075330, EP3218357, WO2019154795)