Pawlak and others reviewed studies of B12 deficiency among vegetarians and vegans using serum B12 (Pawlak, 2014) as well as methylmalonic acid and holotranscobalamin (Pawlak, 2013)
Researchers believe these peptides may influence processes such as: Collagen remodeling Fibroblast activation Angiogenesis Cellular communication Extracellular matrix maintenance Oxidative stress regulation Instead of filling things in like moisturizers and creams, peptides signal cells
Since the body cannot produce B12 on its own, it must be obtained through diet or supplements
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Some is lost when drawing from vials