Abstract Background Glutathione (GSH), a pivotal non-protein thiol, can be biosynthesized through three pathways in different organisms: (1) two consecutive enzymatic reactions catalyzed by -glutamylcysteine synthetase (Gsh1 or GshA) and glutathione synthetase (Gsh2 or GshB)
Research also indicates that the gtp cyclohydrolase 1/Tetrahydrobiopterin/dihydrofolate reductase (GCH1/BH4/DHFR) pathway, particularly DHFR, suppresses ferroptosis by promoting BH4 synthesis
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The precise mechanism underlying ferroptosis is still unknown, but it is known that altered iron metabolism, glutathione (GSH) depletion, GPX4 inactivation, and increased PUFA peroxidation by ROS play key roles in its onset and progression [80, 81]
The local climate, characterized by intense sunlight, can also impact B12 absorption