DDR-mediated crosstalk between DNA damaged cells and their microenvironment
GSTs conjugate 4HNE to GSH, and the corresponding glutathionyl-4-HNE (GS-HNE) is actively transported out of cells via RLIP76, a multifunctional membrane transporter for GSH-conjugated compounds, and/or MRPs (multidrug-resistance proteins
Percentages of cross-sectional areas showing metastatic tumours were calculated by Image-J as previously described 7
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This section synthesizes the mechanisms by which current therapeutic interventions (including EPO and its analogs, nitric oxide (NO) donors, and antioxidants) counteract accelerated eryptosis, thereby extending RBC survival and alleviating renal anemia, while also discussing their clinical utility, limitations, and relevance across CKD stages