The various mechanisms of action of PACs that have been investigated are inhibition of adhesion of microbial pathogens to uroepithelial cells, reduction of bacterial swarming motility and biofilm formation, reduction of infection-induced inflammation, and finally, potential modulation of the gut microbiota, which in turn could influence the risk of infection in the urinary tract
Much of the development of the reproductive system occurs during puberty and is marked by the development of sex-specific characteristics in both male and female adolescents
Figure 2 3.2 TNF triggers the release of mtDNA and the activation of cGAS-STING signaling in RA TNF, a multifunctional cytokine for homeostasis and disease pathogenesis, is highly expressed in rheumatoid joint tissues ( Growing evidence has indicated that obesity plays a pivotal role in multiple aspects of RA ( 3.3 cGAS-STING signaling participates in the abnormal activation of FLSs FLSs exhibit abnormal activation and proliferation in the synovium of RA patients, serving as primary effector cells responsible for mediating joint destruction and synovitis ( In vitro , transfection of dsDNA upregulated the expression of IFN- and IFN- in RA-FLSs, suggesting that cytosolic dsDNA accumulation enhanced the IFN-I signature
doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.351 191 LeiHWangGZhangJHanQ
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2536828100