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Melatonins electron donation leads to structural changes, resulting in the formation of different oxidized metabolites that may retain some of the antioxidant properties, but are chemically distinct from the original hormone (Hardeland 2017)

In the case of alcohol the mechanism is well described: ethanol metabolism involving the CYP2E1 enzyme releases free radicals, and these reduce the level of reduced glutathione in the liver (Lieber, Drug Metabolism Reviews 2004, PMID 15554233)

Dopamine o -quinone rearranges by cyclizing its amino chain to form aminochrome (reactions 5 and 6)

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Primary Handling Editor: Ioana Staicu, in collaboration with the Nature Immunology team