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doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1774375 Received 23 December 2025 Revised 22 January 2026 Accepted 26 January 2026 Published 17 February 2026 Volume 13 - 2026 Edited by Abul Hossain, University of British Columbia, Canada Reviewed by Changbao Sun, Qiqihar University, China Suresh Kumar, National Institute of Biologicals, India Updates Copyright 2026 Egas-Montenegro, Echeverria-Chilla, Garca-Ulloa, Aizaga-Benalcazar and Ordoez-Araque

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These neurotrophic effects support neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function maintenance during aging

simple spray format makes it convenient for busy lifestyles and people who have difficulty swallowing pills.

This should raise awareness of the importance of following the correct intramuscular injection technique as choosing an insufficient needle length will result in an increased possibility of a subcutaneous injection