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Jonathan Foulds in 2011.This 10-item scale (with scores ranging from 0 to 20) was developed to measure nicotine dependence across all nicotine product types, and an adapted version was the first dependence measure designed to evaluate electronic cigarette dependence.The index is available for use by clinicians and researchers at other institutions using the proper citation
Data collection and measurement A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews conducted by trained interviewers with participants who provided informed consent
Archived from the original on 2010-04-16
Histopathologic evidence of tubular damage due to cadmium exposure has been also demonstrated at autopsy or in kidney biopsies in Japanese patients with itai-itai disease (combination of severe renal tubular damage and osteomalacia) [41]
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