In general, the GSH/GSSG ratio is greater than 10 for cells and organelles like mitochondria and nuclei, whereas the endoplasmic reticulum has a lower GSH/GSSG ratio between 1 and 3 [14]
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 46.Cheleschi S, Fioravanti A, de Palma A, Corallo C, Franci D, Volpi N, et al
Transl Psychiatry 15 , 65 (2025)
PMID: 41765311 Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res Modified 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy induces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell pyroptosis via the JNK signaling pathway
These results suggested that the HPA axis may be stimulated by increased inflammatory signaling and T-cell activation in MDD, which could subsequently result in immunosuppressive effects, as detected by the LPA test [14]