In contrast, vaping is often marketed as a cleaner alternative
An unconditional non-monetary incentive was offered (EUR 2,000 donation to the German Children's Fund) to foster willingness to participate, and one reminder email was sent during the survey period
In the MR Steiger directionality test, the variance explained by included SNPs is larger in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and anxiety compared with smoking initiation, suggesting that these observed associations might not be directionally causal
Anything that is done to make the extraordinary harms salient is an important policy step
More Hubbly (hookah) Facts: View Infographic: English | Afrikaans Hookah Fact Sheet English | Hookah Fact Sheet Afrikaans The Truth About Hookahs PPT: English | Afrikaans Download Hubbly Bubbly Not So Lovely Poster Hubbly Bubbly Study Done by 4th Year UCT MBChB Students UCT Students Help CANSA with Hookah Research Medical Research Council Statement on Hookah Pipes WHO Report Waterpipe Smoking History of the Waterpipe The water pipe was invented in India during the 16th century by a physician named Hakim Abul Fath, who suggested that smoke should be passed through a small receptacle of water so that it would be rendered harmless. Contrary to this ancient lore and todays popular belief, the smoke that emerges from a water pipe contains numerous toxins known to cause lung cancer, heart disease and other diseases
